The establishment of modern sovereign states as fundamental political units traces back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 in Europe. This makes the establishment of the modern state system the natural starting point of international relations history. The contemporary field of international relations, however, analyzes the connections existing between sovereign nation-states. Analyses of the foreign policies of sovereign city states have been done in ancient times, as in Thycydides' analysis of the causes of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, as well as by Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince, published in 1532, where he analyzed the foreign policy of the renaissance city state of Florence. Studies of international relations started thousands of years ago Barry Buzan and Richard Little considered the interaction of ancient Sumerian city-states, starting in 3,500 BC, as the first fully-fledged international system. See also: International relations (1648–1814), International relations (1814–1919), Diplomatic history of World War I, International relations (1919–1939), Diplomatic history of World War II, Cold War, and International relations since 1989 The terms "International studies" and " global studies" have been used by some to refer to a broader multidisciplinary IR field. International politics is concerned with the special kind of power relationships that exist in a community lacking an overriding authority international economics deals with trade relations across national boundaries that are complicated by the uncontrolled actions of sovereign states and international law is law that is based on voluntary acceptance by independent nations. Dunn wrote that unique elements characterized IR and separated it from other subfields: Dunn wrote that IR was about "relations that take place across national boundaries" and "between autonomous political groups in a world system". In the inaugural issue of World Politics, Frederick S. An undergraduate degree in multidisciplinary international relations may lead to a more specialised master's degree of either international politics, economics, or international law. In institutions where international relations refers to the broader multidisciplinary field of global politics, law, economics and history, the subject may be studied across multiple departments, or be situated in its own department, as is the case at for example the London School of Economics. This is for example the case in Scandinavia, where international relations are often simply referred to as international politics (IP). In many academic institutions, studies of IR are thus situated in the department of politics/social sciences. As a subdiscipline of political science, the focus of IR studies lies on political, diplomatic and security connections among states, as well as the study of modern political world history. International relations or international affairs is, dependent on the academic institution, either a subdiscipline of political science, or a broader multidisciplinary field of global politics, law, economics or world history. The collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequent rise of globalization in the late 20th century presaged new theories and evaluations of the rapidly changing international system. After the Second World War, international relations burgeoned in both importance and scholarship-particularly in North America and Western Europe-partly in response to the geostrategic concerns of the Cold War. While international politics has been analyzed since antiquity, international relations did not become a discrete field until 1919, when it was first offered as an undergraduate major by Aberystwyth University in the United Kingdom. It also often draws heavily from other fields, including anthropology, economics, geography, law, philosophy, sociology, and history. International relations is widely classified as a major subdiscipline of political science, along with comparative politics, political theory, political methodology, and public administration. There are several schools of thought within IR, of which the most prominent are realism, liberalism, and constructivism. In a broader sense, it concerns all activities among states-such as war, diplomacy, trade, and foreign policy-as well as relations with and among other international actors, such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), international legal bodies, and multinational corporations (MNCs). The scientific study of those interactions is called international studies, international politics, or international affairs. International Relations ( IR) are the interactions among sovereign states.
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